For your question, yes you can play many visual novels, even new ones, but it depends on your chrome os system setup.
If you have one of these systems setup:
Chrome OS System setup compatible with Android
If you have one of these, you can use android apps. If that is your case you can download this app:
Kirikiroid2
With that app you can play many visual novels which are created with the KiriKiri engine, such as Prison Battleship, etc.. and even newer ones. To veriy if the visual novel you want to play is compatible just look for a file named data.xp3 or any other files with a xp3 extension, if there's one there's a big chance that you can play it. For some visual novels you need a patch to play them that way, here's a link to patches that are already made:
Patches.
Another interesting app you can use is
OnScripter which let you play most visual novels written with the OnScripter engine, like うみねこのなく頃に. A list (not complete) of supported games are here:
List.
You can also play some rpg created with RPG Maker XP/VX/VA/MV with that app:
Neko RPGXP Player or some games created with WolfRpg with that app:
PLiCy.Player.
Of course you can use also Ren'py for visual novels, but the list of visual novels written in Ren'py are unfortunately limited. If you have a tablet you can also use this method. Don't hesitate, if you have some questions, i will do my best to help you.