It's bad, but not THAT bad―I've seen worse. If you deal with scans a lot, images like that one are pretty common.
Sadly no. I have a few friends who are either simply into photography or actual experts at it, but they've never convinced me to get interested in photography myself. So I don't know much about it. From my limited knowledge, though, I'm not sure if your spending was allocated correctly. It's nice that you could get the Nikkor lens for less than half its retail price, but 20,000 clicks sounds like quite a lot. If I'm not mistaken, the average camera (average end) has a life expectation between like 50,000 to 150,000 clicks, so 20,000 may be taking quite a lot already. But maybe that's fair with the second-hand price...
From what I've seen, iPhone camera is like the typical smartphone camera... it relies on producing pictures in very high resolutions rather than quality and detail. Such high-resolution photos will of course look very sharp on screens with small to medium resolutions, especially if the screen is physically small (like that of the iPhone itself). In full size, it's often not hard to spot the lack of quality, such as (most prominently) artifacts. I guess it's a matter of course that photos can never be as sharp as computer-generated images, for example, but yep, phone cameras still can't beat real cameras no matter how much they're hyped.
And I wouldn't recommend an Alienware... there are huge laptops meant to be used as portable workstations, with extraordinary power and size as to attempt to mimic desktop computers, but I'd stay away from Alienware. Overpriced and the design is too bulky. Portable workstation laptops can easily weigh up to 4kg and more, but at least the designs are often sleek and efficient. Alienware, though, seems to focus too much on decorative elements.